Solvent-Based and Water-Based Products for Timber Flooring

The performance of timber flooring is very much dependent on the choice of surface treatment, the number of coats and the way it has been applied. The floor generally requires finishing to protect it from foot traffic, general wear and tear and staining.

Due to the increase in types and quality of wood floor finishes, the choice available to the contractor is large and it can be difficult to specify one particular type for a job. The condition and use of the floor should be taken into account as well as environmental conditions and future maintenance. Floors used for sport should be coated with products which comply with the slip-resistance and gloss level requirements of EN14904.

All finishes should be applied strictly in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions, and it is the responsibility of the users to ensure that all the current Health and Safety Regulations are being strictly observed.

This article explores the different types, properties and uses of solvent-based and water-based products for timber flooring. In general, solvent-based products impart good wood colour, usually giving a deep even finish. Water-based products are the most frequently used products today. The primary advantage of water-based products is improved environmental and personal safety.

Solvent-Based Products

Traditional Waxes

These allow natural movement of the timber and offer excellent repairability but require high maintenance in the form of regular buffing. They are known to “travel”, producing slip problems in surrounding areas. They should be avoided in sports areas. When sanding or refurbishing a floor, traces of wax may cause problems when the floor is resealed. Thorough sanding is recommended and special primers are available to reduce the likelihood of a problem.

Traditional Oil

Imparts good wood colour usually used as a matt finish. Allows natural movement of the timber but can be slow drying and require high maintenance in heavily trafficked areas though easily repaired. Oiled finishes generally have poor penetration into dense oily hardwoods and can have the same problems as wax when over-coating is carried out.

Hardwax Oil

Gives similar properties to traditional oils but with improved durability, water and chemical resistance. Normally available in satin/matt finishes.

Oleo-Resinous Seals

These give very good penetration and are easy to use with similar wear and chemical resistance to hardwax oils but with a deep “build” on the surface. These products allow natural movement of the timber but are comparatively slow to dry and cure. Primarily available in high gloss. These products generally have low durability.

Oil-Modified Polyurethane and Urethane Oil

Visually, and in method of use, similar to oleo-resinous seals but with significantly improved hardness, chemical resistance, and durability. Available in all gloss levels. As with hardwax oils, they’re easy to maintain but need frequent maintenance.

Solvent-Based Moisture-Curing Polyurethane

Give excellent durability and chemical resistance with high build-up but may not allow wood the natural movement of the timber to take place due to high strength of the film. Are not recommended for use on new timber floors. Primarily available in high gloss. Generally, a very low maintenance finish. These products are rarely used today.

Acid Catalysed Lacquer

Similar properties to solvent-based polyurethanes but faster in drying and curing. Generally, less durable and lower chemical resistance than moisture-cured urethanes. Available in all gloss levels, generally low maintenance.

Due to VOC emission rules becoming more restrictive, some solvent-based products may in the future be taken off the market.

Water-Based Products

Single Pack Water-Borne Polyurethane and PU/Acrylic Blends & Co-Polymers

Depending on type they can be almost odourless and are fast-drying and curing. They offer good durability and chemical resistance. There are many versions available, each with their own strengths such as clarity, UV stability, flexibility, or hardness.

The use of a primer depends on the particular product used and the type of wood. Available in all gloss levels.

Two Pack Water-Borne Polyurethanes

These are the most common products used on sports and commercial floors today. Depending on type they can be almost odourless and all are known to have excellent durability and chemical resistance when cured.

The use of a primer depends on the particular product used and extent to which the wood may expand and contract. Available in variety of gloss levels from 10% matt to high gloss with good UV stability. The main disadvantage of this type is limited pot life when the lacquer has been mixed.

Note: Some lacquer products contain ‘ceramic’ ingredients which can be very difficult to sand by conventional means, quickly blunting normal abrasives. Specialist diamond abrasives are usually recommended where these products are involved.

For more technical information about timber flooring visit the CFA Guide to Contract Flooring.